Science

The villains of Yellowstone & your decisions!

Picture from Pixabay.com

It was 1995, present in the middle of Yellowstone national park, in the US, was a beautiful & scenic valley. Miles and miles of panoramic treeless land, dotted with shrubs and small plants. Beautiful spotted deer were browsing the plants and grazing the grass. There was silence, not even the sound of the wind rustling the trees as there weren’t any trees around. There was silence, No sound of flowing streams that are usually found in a forest, for there weren’t any. There was silence, as there weren’t any animals apart from the deer.

Suddenly, out of nowhere come a pack of wolves which makes the deer scatter like an explosion.

The pack of wolves target a single deer, chase it, spring on it and snap at it from all sides.

The deer falls pathetically, its hooves drumming the ground in a frantic hope for survival. One of the wolves strangles its neck and in less than a minute, all is over and the wolves have their meal.

Who is the villain here?

Yellowstone was not a natural habitat for the wolves. They were introduced into it in 1995 as part of a science experiment called “rewilding”.

A few days and a few more hunts later, the deer learn from experience and radically change their behaviour. They start to avoid the places where they could be trapped by the wolves– the valleys, the gorges and the ridges.

With no deer to stop vegetation growth, these places start to regenerate. The height of the trees increase 4 times in just a year, leading to a traffic of birds, bees and beavers. The bees help in pollination, the birds help spread the seeds of trees far and near and the beavers build dams of water along the small streams which bring in fish, reptiles and amphibians. The area explodes with life!!

Barren valleys grow to be forests. Then come the large birds like eagles and vultures. The rivers have more water and because of the new forests coming in their way, rivers change their courses. Vegetation grows and stabilises soil erosion. In just a matter of few years, the entire ecology of that part of the Yellowstone national park changes into a wild forest, a noisy forest, a very wet forest. Wild with a variety of flora & fauna, noisy with the cacophony of bird calls & insect songs and wet with rains and streams and rivers.

All because of a small pack of wolves and a few herds of deer less.

Now with this sequel to the initial story of the hunt, our initial judgement of the wolves being the villains of the story change and the possibility that the deer aren’t saints either, dawns on us.

It is very easy to fall for the drama and unduly make a villain out of the wolves when the deer were doing the same thing to the plants and shrubs. They stopped what could have been a thriving habitat for several flora and fauna. 

If you look at the big picture, you could say both were villains or if you put in some perspective, both of them were not villains, they were just eating their food. They were just trying to survive, and the only difference was that the wolves’ way of bringing food to the table was more dramatic in our eyes!!!

That brings us to the crux of this post. The above real-life story was to highlight how drama hijacks our normal thinking process. Not just here, but everywhere a sense of drama clouds our judgement and we could take wrong decisions. 

We need to be dispassionate in decision making in our everyday lives. We vote the wrong person falling for an impassioned speech, or choose a wrong partner at an emotional moment. We could make bad investment choices based on an entertaining presentation or quit a company because we are angry with the boss. This power of drama / stories / narratives are very well exploited by companies in their advertisements. The next time you see an advertisement, pause to reflect if it was about the products’ features or its benefits or was it just an emotional story to make you feel a particular way. I am not advocating you to be a callous calculating machine, but at least take a moment to reflect without emotions before you make an important decision.

Emotion is temporary, while the decisions you take could be permanent.

Beware that an emotional decision is not always the right decision. In such circumstances, we could be our own villains & victims. So the best way to avoid these traps is to defer decision making until we clear our heads and are ready to be objective.


Picture credits: Forest picture is a Photo by Luca Bravo on Unsplash & the stream picture is a Photo by Amit Godase on Unsplash.

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Posted by Srikrishnan in Science, 5 comments

Thoughts on the natural world we inhabit.

Something we all do, but understand so less about. Not we aren’t talking about anything fancy, just sleep! What is it, why we need it and some fascinating animal behaviour around sleep in this article.

Did you get conned in recent times by a trickster? Did you think such tricksters abound only amidst humans that are a supposedly advanced species? Think again. Several animals do this, even to us? What exactly happening when animals put on their camouflages? Read and share your thoughts in this article that puts forth some alternate arguments.

The natural world offers some lessons on decision making. From drama in the wild to advertisements that get our attention, this article offers some suggestions on when to decide and when not to.

Most movies are for entertainment, but some are lessons. Here is a review of one such movie that helps us understand human nature, science, scientists and politicians with a bomb. 

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Why you should lose sleep over your lack of sleep.

Is this owl winking? Awake or Asleep?

A few years back, the then youngest CEO of SAP India, Ranjan Das, a fitness freak, a marathon runner, came home from his usual workout at the gym, and collapsed of a massive heart attack. 

How can someone who was athletic, at the pink of his health and in top form, die of heart attack? The reason? He didn’t sleep enough.

In today’s fast paced world where time is at short supply, the first activity we cut short on, is sleep. So let’s attempt to understand about sleep a little more: why we sleep, how much sleep is enough, what are the effects of lack of sleep and how to sleep better.

During the time we sleep, we don’t eat, we don’t work, we don’t play, we don’t have sex, we don’t seem to be doing anything worthwhile and hence at first glance, sleeping appears to be a complete waste of time.  But we all sleep, every single day.

It is not just humans that sleep, all mammals and birds sleep too. Even small animals that are at risk of losing their lives to their predators while asleep, also sleep.  Why do they need to sleep at such high risk to their lives? Normally evolution would have weeded out such species as part of natural selection. But it hasn’t happened, pointing to the importance sleep plays in every life form.

Dolphins, which are closer to human beings are not like other fish. They breathe air like us through the blowholes on top of their heads. Which means, they need to periodically surface from water to breathe.  But how do they breathe when they sleep? Without any predator they might die simply because they slept when they had to breate!! But we know dophins don’t die in their sleep. How do they do it? To manage this, they sleep one half of the brain at a time called unihemispherical sleep. One hemisphere of their brain sleeps while the other stays alert.  And then the cycle alternates.  They sleep in pairs such that the alert part of their bodies (since each hemisphere of the brain controls one half of the body) are on the outside, to keep an eye on predators and synchronise their surfacing to breathe.

Dolphins courting? No they are sleeping partners, each helping the other to sleep during the night.

A few other mammals like bats, seals, some long distance migratory birds and owls also demonstrate unihemispherical sleep.

Why did nature go to such lengths to ensure we sleep? 

That’s a question scientists have been trying to answer for several years now. Despite the years of scientific research on sleep, our understanding of sleep is very basic even today. 

When asked why we sleep, Dr William Dement – called the Father of Sleep Medicine – who was also the Founder of Sleep Research Centre at Stanford says 

“We don’t really know. We sleep in order to not be sleepy otherwise”

Dr. Clete Kushida, the Medical Director, Stanford Sleep Medicine Centre, after years of research since the 1970s also says he still doesn’t know.

 But there are a dozen theories, let’s see the three most popular ones 

  1. We sleep to conserve energy. Our brain is only 2% of our body weight but uses 20% of the energy. To provide this, our brain shuts down active bodily functions [it literally paralyses our muscles to keep us still] during sleep and uses the energy for itself.
  2. Body restores itself during sleep. Muscle growth, tissue repair, protein synthesis – all happen through an orchestra of hormones that create a symphony of events during our sleep. In simple terms, various toxins are flushed out and we grow during our sleep
  3. Brain processing and memory consolidation –the filing of events, making them available when needed and using them to handle similar situation – in short this is intelligence. So during sleep, brain does the housekeeping to keep us intelligent. Empirical evidence suggests that if you sleep well, you are three times more likely to be creative.

Okay, so what is the right duration of sleep. Is it 6 hrs, 7 hrs? 8?, 9? How much is good enough. There is no consensus, but adult humans need at least 6 hrs of sleep at a stretch. A good empirical measure is, if you don’t feel sleepy during the day until your next regular sleeping time, then that sleep duration is adequate for you.

Lack of sleep leads to mental, emotional & physical fatigue, depression, obesity and lower life expectancy.

On days following sleepless nights, high levels of cortisol accumulate in your body which leads to stress related disorders like cardiac ailments and diabetes. Sleep loss produces Grelin, which makes you seek carbohydrates and makes you obese. In short, chronic lack of sleep sets in motion a series of irreversible ailments that ruin our long-term health.

So how to get good sleep. If you have trouble getting good sleep, what can you do? Not much but a few things help.

  • Keep a regular sleep schedule
  • Exercise helps
  • Limit Caffeine and alcohol, if unavoidable, don’t drink too close to sleeping time
  • Turn off lights and keep the room as dark as possible.
  • Keep mobiles away – even if you are only browsing it, the light from the mobile is troublesome.

Your life is a reflection of how you sleep , and how you sleep is a reflection of your life!. If you sleep well, you live better.   So wake up to sleep facts my friends. Lack of sleep can kill!!!

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Animal camouflage in our minds?

Take a look at the below pic and try to spot the brilliantly camouflaged snake amidst the crevices of a tree bark.

Pic source: buff.ly/3TLo0H2 shared through the twitter handle @Rainmaker1973.

Recently my friend shared the below Facebook link with me (Original video by BBC One).The video is exceptional. Nature is so beautiful and works in mysterious ways. 

Link is here

Just in case the video is inaccessible, you can search the internet for videos on BBC, Science, Ptarmigan Camouflage.

Whenever I marvel at the brilliance of nature and the camouflage abilities, a series of thoughts nag me and make me curious on what exactly is happening.

Issue no 1: Camouflage is needed by the prey (in this case the ptarmigan) to protect itself against its set of predators. Example – hawks, snakes, humans, foxes etc. Each prey has multiple predators. And each of these predators have different types of (dominant) sensory organs. For ex: Hawk can see in ultraviolet spectrum, humans can see in “visible” spectrum and snakes can see in infrared. In which of these spectrums will the camouflage be? Because as long as the ptarmigan blends in with the rocks, we humans can’t find it but the hawk can find it easily because the ultraviolet signature of the ptarmigan and rocks are different. A snake on the other hand, because it sees in infrared, can literally “see” the “warm body” of the ptarmigan against the cold rocks. Coming to the fox, even a blind fox can smell the ptarmigan from a distance or even find it using its (not so) special sense called magneto-reception. Even as “we humans” marvel at (or are blinded by) the camouflage, the ptarmigan is “visible” to its other predators.

So against which predator is the ptarmigan deploying this camouflage? Is it able to choose? Now this brings us to the second issue.

Issue no 2: Assuming it is against “a particular” predator, is the ptarmigan able to choose to deploy its camouflage selectively? Does it have the ability to change its body chemistry or physics (that property that allows it to change its colour)? Just like it blends in with its environment of the same colour, can it also blend in in ultra violet? change its body temperature to give a diff infrared signature? Change its smell? Its magnetic properties? Does it have these capabilities? 

For that, the ptarmigan needs to have the ability to “KNOW” how other organisms perceive it (How would it know how a hawk or a human or a snake or a fox perceives it)? 

In case it is able to do it, it is wonder of wonders! Because, would we humans know how a dog senses us? We may have a reasonable understanding of the mechanism it uses to sense us (ability of smell) but how exactly does it perceive us (good or bad odour, smelling like what?)? Without knowing it how can we determine what camouflage (perfume) to wear so that we blend in? (scientists call this qualia – how one uniquely perceives / experiences something). We humans know it based on the learning we have had. How would a ptarmigan know?

So my (unvalidated) thoughts run like this. 

Thought no 1: The ptarmigan is NOT doing anything active. In its feathers there is a property which gives it some “permanent” feature – colour, smell, etc etc. And some flexible feature which “adapts” involuntarily(from ptarmigans point of view) to its surroundings. So when we “see” it, depending on how much of light falls on it, gets reflected those parts and reaches us, we see it in different colours. Because the feature (pigment etc) itself adapts to the surroundings, irrespective of the observer (humans, foxes etc), the colour of the ptarmigan is the same in that context.

Thought no 2. If you recall my session on how our brain perceives the world around us, we learnt that what we see has nothing to do with the ptarmigan but what our MIND actively constructs. We saw this in numerous examples of how the two shades of grey were the same, but with differences in angle and the context it is present in, we perceive those colours differently!

We also saw an example where the same dress appeared black & blue to one set of people and gold & white to another set of people. So this makes me think that, the camouflage is in OUR EYES (more accurately MINDS) and the ptarmigan is blissfully unaware of how others see it. There may not be any active agency from the ptarmigan at all in accomplishing this.

We will continue to marvel at nature – as though something extraordinary is being done by the ptarmigan – but it might be the handiwork of the tricks played by our mind after all.

I am not concluding anything but seeking answers if any of you know what exactly is at play here. Leave your thoughts in the coments section.

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